Ancient civilizations and archeological sites (english)

  

Ancient civilizations and archeological sites

• 
  
  
  
• History is divided into prehistoric period, proto-historic period and historical period. 
• Such a period in respect of which no written material is available about human history is called prehistoric period. 
•  Such a period in respect of which written material is available but which has not yet been read is called the prehistoric period. For example, Indus Valley Civilization. 
• The period in respect of which the received written material can be read is called historical period.   

 
Major Civilizations of Rajasthan :-

No. NS.	Culture	District	River
1.	Kalibanga	Hanumangarh	Saraswati (Ghaggar)
2.	sigh	Udaipur	Ayd (Bedach)
3.	gilund	Rajsamand	Banas
4.	Bagore	Bhilwara	Kothari
5.	Balathal	Udaipur	bedch
6.	Ganeshwar	Sikar	Kantali
7.	Rang Mahal	Hanumangarh	Saraswati (Ghaggar)
8.	ozhiana	Bhilwara	Khari
9.	noh	Bharatpur	Ruparel
10.	Without	Chittorgarh	bedch
11.	jodhpura	Jaipur	Sabi
12.	Goldsmith	Jhunjhunu	Kantali
13.	Tilwara	barmer	looney
14.	Rad	tonk	slacken
15.	girdle	Bundi	Shade
16.	Bairat	Jaipur	banganga
17.	Cocaine	quota	parwan
18.	Ballu Kheda	Chittor	seriousness

Other Archaeological Sites of Rajasthan: - 

No. NS.	Archaeological site	District
1.	kurada	Nagaur
2.	Sabaniya	Bikaner
3.	elana	Jalore
4.	sweep	Udaipur
5.	Malah	Bharatpur
6.	patchwork	Jaipur
7.	kol maholi	Sawai madhopur
8.	Nandlalpura	Jaipur
9.	old pushkar	Ajmer
10.	Pind-Pandalia	Chittor
11.	chuck-84	Shri Ganga Nagar
12.	Carpenter	Shri Ganga Nagar
13.	Nainwa	Bundi
14.	Dhauli Magra	Udaipur
15.	Pungal	Bikaner
16.	Kiradot	Jaipur
17.	Ekalsinha	Ajmer
18.	Basambasai	Alwar
19.	Varman	Sirohi
20.	baropal	Hanumangarh
21.	Baror	Shri Ganga Nagar
22.	sessol	Bundi
23.	swivel and swivel	Jaisalmer  (Mesolithic)
24.	trifles	quota
25.	dadikar	Alwar
26.	Dadathora	Bikaner  (Small Stone Age)
27.	Jahazpur	Bhilwara  (Mahabharat period)
28.	rate	Bharatpur (Stone Age)
29.	kotra	Jhalawar
30.	jayal	Nagaur  (Paleolithic)
31.	Khurri	Parbatsar (Nagaur)
32.	Khanpura	Jhalawar
33.	Chandravati	Jhalawar
34.	pilibanga	Hanumangarh
35.	throttle	Hanumangarh
36.	lachura	Bhilwara
37.	Alaniya	quota
38.	filling	tonk
39.	marmi village	Chittorgarh
40.	aheda	Ajmer
41.	Sukhpura	tonk
42.	Relavan	baran

Stone Age of Rajasthan :- 

• The oldest stone tools used by the primitive man of this time have been found in Rajasthan, they are about one and a half lakh years old. 
• Evidence of the settlement of stone age humans is found in the state from the valleys of rivers like Banas, Bedach, Gambhiri and Chambal etc. 

Palaeolithic Age :-  

• During this period rough stone tools were used by man. 
• AD 1870 in ca. The hacker first discovered tools named 'Handx', 'Acheulian' and 'Clever' in Jaipur and Indragarh. 
• Early Stone Age sites:- Dhingria (Jaipur), Mangarh, Nathdwara, Hammirpur (Bhilwara), Mandapiya (Chittor), Bingaud (Bhilwara) and Deoli (Tonk).
• Evidence of human expansion has been found in Rajasthan in this period in the districts of Jaipur, Indragarh, Ajmer, Alwar, Bhilwara, Jhalawar, Chittorgarh, Jalore, Pali, Jodhpur etc.  
• Remnants of 'Handx' culture have been found from places like Biratnagar, Bhangarh and Dhigaria in Rajasthan. 
• From the Palaeolithic period, the postlithic material has been received from the rock shelters and ancient caves in Biratnagar.
• Pictures have not been found in the rock shelters of Biratnagar, while some painted rock shelters have been found from a place called Dar of Bharatpur district, in which depictions of human figure, tiger, reindeer and sun etc. have been found.  
• B. Allchin discovered Stone Age tools on the banks of the Luni River in western Rajasthan and in the sand dunes of Jalore district.   
• The food of the Palaeolithic man was tubers, fruits, fish and wildlife obtained from hunting.
• At this time man had learned to light fire but the wheel had not yet been invented.    
• During this period, tools and weapons made of stone were from Bhainsrodgarh, Nawaghat on the banks of Bamni river in Chittorgarh, from Khor, Nagari, Beawar, Kheda, Badi etc. on the banks of river Bedach and Gambhiri, on the banks of river Banas and Jahazpur in Bhilwara, From Begod, Deoli, Hammirgarh, Khurias, Mangrop, Kunwaria, Gilund etc., from the banks of Luni river in Jodhpur district, from Singari and Pali in the valley of Guhia and Bandi rivers, Shikarpura, Samdari, Peechak, Bhandel, Sojat, Dhaneri in Marwar. , Dhundara, Pipad and Umaidnagar, Gagron in Jhalawar, Govindgarh on the banks of Sagarmati in Ajmer district, Parvan river banks in Kota district and Jagannathpura, Sialpura, Tarawat, Gogasala, Bhuwan, on the banks of Banas river in Tonk district. Bharni etc.

Middle Stone Age: -  

• The beginning of the Mesolithic period is 10 thousand BC. considered from.  
• Among the instruments of this period, 'scraper' and 'point' are particularly noteworthy, which were relatively small-light and efficiently made. 
• These tools have been found in the valleys of Luni and its tributaries, in the valley of river Bedach in Chittorgarh district and from Biratnagar (Jaipur).
• By this time man had learned animal husbandry but he had no knowledge of agriculture. 

Answer/Neolithic Period :- 

• The beginning of the Neolithic period is 5 thousand BC. considered from.
• In the Neolithic period, food production was started by agriculture and animal husbandry had advanced during this period. 
• Remains of Neolithic period in Rajasthan Chittorgarh district on the banks of rivers Bedach and Gambhiri, Bhainsrodgarh and Navaghat on the banks of Chambal and Bamni rivers, Hammirgarh, Jahazpur and Deoli on the banks of Banas river, from Gilund, Pali on the banks of Luni river, It has been received from places like Samdari, Se, Bharni in Tonk district etc.  
• During this period, humans started living by building houses and started burying the dead in the tombs. 
• The famous archaeologist 'Garden Child' termed the Neolithic period as the Stone Age Revolution.
• In the Neolithic period, the caste system was introduced in the society on the basis of occupation.
• Tools of this era have been found at places named Bagor of Udaipur and Tilwara of Marwar.

Shelter: -  

• In Rajasthan, rock shelters are found from the Aravalli mountain range and the Chambal river valley, from which stone tools, bone remains and other materials used by humans of prehistoric times have been obtained. 
• Most of the pictures related to hunting are available in these rock shelters. 
• The Chhaja river in Bundi and the Chambal river area Arnia in Kota are noteworthy. 
• Apart from these, painted rock shelters have been found from Biratnagar (Jaipur), Sohanpura (Sikar) and Harsaura (Alwar) etc. 

Ahad (Udaipur) :- 

• The Chalcolithic civilization named Ahad is situated on the banks of the Ayed or Bechar river in Udaipur.
• The development of the Ahad civilization is believed to be in the Banas river valley.
• In the tenth-eleventh century it was known as Aghatpur or Aghat Durg. It was also called Tamravati Nagari.
• Its another name is also Dhulkot. 
• Its excavation was first done in the year 1953 under the leadership of Akshaykirti Vyas. 
• Extensive excavation work here. It was done by C. Agrawal in the year 1954. 
• rc Agarwal traveled 12 km from Ahad. Evidence of copper refining has been obtained at places called distant Matoon and Umra.
• Here in 1961-62 V.N. The excavation was done here by Mishra and HD Sanklia. 
• Vijay Kumar and PC Chakraborty were also present on behalf of the Government of Rajasthan during the excavation campaign of Ahad.
• Dr. Sankalia has called it Ahad or Banas culture. 
• Many levels of settlements have been obtained here as a result of excavation. 
• The excavated site of Ahad is called the mound of Mahasatis.
• Ahad was a rural civilization.
• A fragmentary terracotta of a woman has been found from Aahad, who is wearing a lehenga below the waist.
• Precious tools such as crystal, fenias, jasper, selkhadi and lapis lazuli were used in the sculptures from Ahad.
• In the first level, earthen walls, pieces of pottery and piles of stones have been found. 
• The Ahar residents used to build houses with sun-dried raw bricks.
• The Aharvas were familiar with agriculture (rice cultivation) and animal husbandry (dogs, elephants etc.).
• Religion culture has been received from Gilund (Rajsamand) like Ahad.
• Printing stamps, flour mills, painted utensils and copper tools have been found from Ahad.
• The people of Ahar used to bury the dead with clothes and jewellery.
• Most of the ornaments of the people of Ahar were made of clay beads.
• The Ahadvasi used to use red and black colored pots.
• In the third settlement, some painted utensils and their use in homes have been proved. 
• Two copper axes have been found from the fourth settlement. 
• The Ahadvasi were copper metal workers. 
• Potentials of keeping grains have been obtained from Ahad, which are called 'Gore' yo 'Koth' in the local language. 
• Six copper coins and three seals have been found from Ahad, whose time is from 3 BC to 1 BC. 
• A mudra obtained from here has a trident on one side and the deity of Apollo on the other. An article has also been written on it in Greek language. 
• The three seals found here are inscribed Vihitabh Vis, Palitsa and Tatiya Tom.    
• The main occupation of the people here was copper smelting and making tools from it.  
• Evidence of the use of bricks baked with ahar has not been found.
• Dr. Gopinath Sharma described the prosperous period of Ahar civilization in 1900 BC. to 1200 BC considered till date. 
• The receipt of 4 to 6 chulhas in the same house obtained from Ahad, which has the impression of a human palm and indicates the joint family system. 
• The people of Ahar civilization were familiar with the reverse tripod method of cooking earthen pots. 
• Terracotta Taurus figures made of clay have been obtained from Ahad, which have been called Banasian Bull. Which is called terracotta.
• Here the length and width of large rooms have been seen up to 33x20 feet.

Kalibanga :-  

• Kalibanga was an urban civilization.
• Kalibanga is considered to be a Bronze Age civilization.
• The time of Kalibanga civilization is 2350 BC. to 1750 BC is believed. (according to carbon dating method)
• Kalibanga is in Hanumangarh district on the left bank of the ancient Saraswati (present-day Ghaggar) river.
• Note: - The first mention of Saraswati river is found in the tenth mandala of Rigveda. The origin of Saraswati river is believed to be from Tushar region. The present form of Saraswati river is Ghaggar river. The Ghaggar River is also called Dwadvati River, Sotar River, Dead River, Laying River, Sorrow of Rajasthan.
• For the first time in the year 1952, Amaland Ghosh identified it as the site of the Indus Valley Civilization. 
• In nine sessions from the year 1961-1969, B. NS. Lal and B.K. Thapar JV Excavation work was done here under the direction of Joshi. 
• Pre-Harappan, Harappan and post-Harappan remains have been found from Kalibanga.
• Due to the fragments of black bangles found in excavation from here, it was named Kalibanga. 
• Literally meaning of Kalibanga :- Bangles of black colour.
• Kalibanga is the first archaeological site of independent India which was excavated for the first time after independence. 
• After this, Ropar was excavated.
• Kalibanga is the third largest archaeological site in the country. Rakhigarhi (Haryana) and Dholavira (Gujarat) are two of the major archaeological sites in the country.
• Kalibanga is also called 'Deen-Hen' settlement.
• The first evidence of earthquake in the world has been found in Kalibanga itself.
• The remains of the first wooden drain in the world have been found from Kalibanga.
• Statues of dog, wolf, mouse and elephant made of clay have been found from Kalibanga area.
• Evidence of the oldest city has been found from Kalibanga.
• The system of matriarchal family existed in Kalibanga.
• Evidence of craniotomy is found from Kalibanga.
• Evidence of Kalash cremation has been received from Kalibanga.
• Remains of any kind of temples have not been found from Kalibanga.
• The place of the priest was prominent in the society of Kalibanga civilization.
• In Sanskrit literature, Kalibanga was called 'the region of abundance'.
• Remnants of script have been found on earthen pots and seals from Kalibanga.
• Among the bird sculptures, the winged heron found from Kalibanga is more important.
• A cylindrical tandoora has also been found from Kalibanga.
• The residents of Kalibanga kept cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs as well as camels and dogs.
• The archaeological remains found at a place called Kotdiji in Pakistan are very similar to the remains of Kalibanga.
• The roads of the cities of Kalibanga cut at right angles.
• The excavation work was done on two mounds in Kalibanga, the first mound located in the west is small and relatively high and the second mound located in the east is relatively large and low. 
• Both these mounds were surrounded by a protective wall.
• The people here built houses under the rhombus-shaped defense ramparts. Evidence has been found to build this security ramp in two phases. 
• The people here used to live in houses made of raw bricks and in the drains, toilets and some structures of the houses, pucca bricks have been used. 
• Remains of a fort, cylindrical seals, copper bullocks, plowed fields, roads and houses have been found in Kalibanga. 
• Seven Agnivedikas have been received from Kalibanga.
• Dr. Dashrath Sharma has called Kalibanga the third capital of the Indus civilization (first Harappa and second Mohenjodaro).  
• The remains of a double tilled field have been found in excavation from Kalibanga, which is the oldest evidence of cultivated field in the world.
• Gram and mustard were sown in the cultivated field obtained from here. 
• Traces of grid pattern troughs have been found in the field.
• Evidence of plowing fields in right angle direction has been found in Kalibanga.  
• Evidence of growing two crops at the same time has been obtained from here, in which wheat and barley were sown together. 
• Kalibanga was an urban-dominated civilization and the city-building was done on the basis of maps. 
• In Kalibanga, wooden drains were used to drain the dirty water from the houses. 
• The people of Kalibanga mainly used to bury the dead body. 
• The marking of a tiger on the currency outside the pierced door and Sindh region has been found from this only site.
• Three human figures have been found in Kalibanga which are in ruins.
• From here the skull of the child has been found, in which there are six holes in which the disease of the hydrocephalus or brain research is detected.
• Kalibanga is the only site of the Indus civilization from where the idols of Mother Goddess have not been found. 
• A seal made from Mesopotamian soil has been found from Kalibanga.
• In the year 1961, a 90 paise postage stamp was issued by the Government of India on the Kalibanga relic.
• A museum was established by the state government in the year 1985-86 for the preservation of the remains found from Kalibanga.
• The script of Kalibanga civilization was similar to that of the Indus script (Brustrophedon script) which was written from right to left. This script has not yet been read.
• At a place called Kalibanga in Rajasthan, a clay idol with twin legs of giant bulls has been found.
• The Vrishabhakriti of the soil found from Kalibanga is particularly remarkable in terms of art skills.

 Ganeshwar (Sikar) :-

• Chalcolithic tools have been found in the excavation from Ganeshwar, located at some distance from the police station of Neem in Sikar district.
• This place is situated on the bank of Kantali river. 
• Ganeshwar is considered to be the pre-Harappan civilization.
• dp Aggarwal determined the date of this site to 2800 BC on the basis of radiocarbon method and comparative study.
• Ganeshwar is also called 'Pushkar of Archeology'.
• For the first time in India, such a quantity of copper tools have been received from any place.
• A copper arrow and a fishing fork have been found from Ganeshwar.
• About 2000 copper weapons and copper tools have been found from the excavation of Ganeshwar.
• These tools include arrows, spears, needles, axes, fishing forks, etc. 
• Ganeshwar is called the 'mother of copper age civilizations' in India. 
• Here the excavation work was done by Ratanchandra Agrawal in the year 1977 and detailed excavation was done by Vijay Kumar in the year 1978-79. 
• The pottery which has been found in the excavation from Ganeshwar is called Kapishavarni pottery. 
• Earthen pots with rings have also been found from Ganeshwar.
• Pottery vessels decorated with black and blue colors have been found from Ganeshwar.
• Evidence of building huge stone dams has been found in Ganeshwar to save the settlement from floods.
• Evidence of the use of bricks has not been found in Ganeshwar.
• Earthen pots with rings have been found only in Ganeshwar.
• The excavation of Ganeshwar civilization has also yielded double helical ribbed copper.
• The people of Ganeshwar civilization used to keep cow, bull, goat, pig, dog, donkey etc.
• The Ganeshwar civilization is also called 'Copper Cumulative Culture'.

Gilund (Rajsamand) :- 

• This Chalcolithic civilization is situated on the banks of river Banas in Rajsamand district.
• The mound named 'Modia Magri' is related to the Gilund civilization.
• In the year 1957-58, B. NS. Excavation work was done here by Lal. 
• Here at the cultural level, gray-colored saucers and bowls of about one thousand years BC have been found.
• Evidence of the use of pucca bricks is found here. 
• The remains of the Chalcolithic civilization and later civilizations have been found from the excavation here. 
• There was the spread of Ahar civilization and during this time pictures of pottery, clay animal figures etc. have been found here. 
• In addition to geometric drawings, natural paintings have also been done on the pottery of Gilund.
• In high-level gatherings in Gilund, dancing postures and spotted stags have come to light on characters painted in cream and black colours.
• Red and black colored pots have been found in Gilund.

Bairat (Jaipur) :- 

• Bairath is an Iron Age site situated on the banks of river Banganga in Shahpura subdivision in Jaipur district.
• The ancient name of Bairath was 'Viratnagar'. It was the capital of Matsya Janpad during the Mahajanapada period. 
• The excavation work here was done in the year 1936-37 by Dayaram Sahni and in the year 1962-63 by Nilaratna Banerjee and Kailashnath Dixit. 
• In 1837, Captain Burt discovered the Bhabru inscription of the Maurya Emperor Ashoka from here. Presently this inscription is preserved in the Calcutta Museum.
• The Bhabru inscription refers to Emperor Ashoka as the 'King of Magadha'.
• Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha are written below the Bhabru inscription.
• In Bairath, excavation work was done from Bijak's hill, Bhimji's dungaree and Mahadevji's dungaree. 
• From here the remains of Maurya period and later times have been found. 
• 36 coins have been received from here, in which 8 punchmarks are of silver and 28 are of Indo-Greek and Greek rulers. 16 coins belong to the Greek ruler Menander.
• Bairath is the most important ancient site in Rajasthan representing the North Indian glazed pottery culture.
• In the year 1999, from the hill of Bijak, the remains of the Ashoka period Buddhist temple, stupa and Buddhist monastery have been found, which is related to the Hinayana sect.
• The life of the people of Bairath civilization was completely of rural culture.
• A large factory of stone-weapons manufacturing was located in Bairath.
• Here clay bricks were used more for the construction of the building. 
• Remains of Shunga and Kushan period have been found here.
• The people of Bairath civilization were familiar with iron metal. Iron arrows and spears have been found from excavation here.
• It is believed that the Hun ruler Mihirkul destroyed Bairath. 
• Hiuen Tsang came to Biratnagar in 634 AD and he has given the number of Buddhist monasteries here as 8. 
• Evidence of 'conch script' has been received in abundance from Bairath. 
• From here there is evidence of having mint during the Mughal period. Here 'Bairath' is found on the coins minted during the Mughal period. 
• Here depictions of Taurus, deer and vegetation are obtained from the hills of Baneri, Brahmakund and Jingor. 

Balathal (Udaipur) :-

• The remains of Chalcolithic civilization have been found here from the excavation of a mound near the Banas or Bedach river near Balathal village in Udaipur district. 
• This civilization was discovered in the year 1962-63 by Dr. V.N. Made by Mishra.
• Dr. V. S. Shinde, R. Of. Mohante, Dr. Dev Kothari and Dr. Lalit Pandey are believed to be related to this civilization. He excavated this civilization in 1993.
• Excavations at Balathal have yielded the remains of a huge 11-room building. 
• The people here knew about making utensils and weaving cloth. 
• Five iron smelting furnaces have been found from Balathal.
• A piece of cloth has been received from Balathal.
• In the excavation of Balathal, bull figures made of clay have been found.
• The residents of Balathal were also non-vegetarians.
• A 4000 year old skeleton has been found from here, which is considered to be the oldest evidence of leprosy in India. 
• From here the proof of burial in Yogi Mudra has been received. 
• Most of the jewelery and tools made of copper have been found in Balathal. 
• The people here were familiar with agriculture, hunting and animal husbandry etc. 
• The idols of bull and dog obtained from Balathal are particularly noteworthy.

Nagari (Chittorgarh): -

• The archaeological site named Nagari is located in Chittorgarh on the banks of the river Bedach, whose ancient name is Madhyamika. 
• The first excavation work here was done in the year 1904 by Dr. D.R. Bhandarkar and then in the year 1962-63 by the Central Archaeological Department. 
• Coins of Shiva district and remains of Gupta art have been found from here.
• The ancient name 'Madhyamika' is found in the Mahabhashya of Patanjali.
• The Ghosundi inscription (2nd century BCE) has been received from here.
• The city has been the capital of Shiva district.
• Here the remains of a strong wall built to protect the city have been found in the 'Kushan period'.
• The city was discovered by Carlyle in the year 1872.
• Four circular wells have also been received from here.

Rangmahal (Hanumangarh) :- 

• Rangmahal is situated near the Saraswati (presently Ghaggar) river in Hanumangarh district. 
• It is a Chalcolithic civilization. 
• The excavation work here was done in the year 1952-54 by the Swedish team under the direction of Dr. Hannarid. 
• These pottery were made of chalk and were thin and smooth. 
• From here 105 copper coins of Kushan period and before that have been received, in which there are also some punchmark coins. 
• Two bronze seals inscribed in the Brahmi script have also been received from here. 
• The earthen bowl obtained by Dr. Hannarid in the excavation from here is safe in the Lund Museum of Sweden. 
• The people here mainly cultivated rice. 
• The houses here were made of bricks.
• The pottery obtained from here was mainly red or pink in color.
• Gandhara-style terracotta figurines, beaked pots, bell-shaped pottery and Kanishka era coins have been received from here.
• A clay idol of Guru-disciple has been received from Rangmahal itself.
• It is considered similar to the Kushan period civilization.
• Evidence of three times settlement and destruction of settlements in Rangmahal has been found.

Raid (Tonk) :- 

• Raidh is an archaeological site situated on the banks of Dhil river in Niwai tehsil of Tonk district.
• It is an Iron Age civilization.
• Here the excavation work was done in the year 1938-39 under the leadership of Dayaram Sahni and finally the excavation work was done by Dr. Kedarnath Puri. 
• Description of the excavated area Puri has published under the aegis of Jaipur Government in Escalationet Raid.
• Due to the large quantities of iron tools and coins found from the excavation of Rad, it is called the Tatanagar of ancient India. 
• It was a metallurgical center where tools and implements were made for industrial work and export. 
• Excavation in Raidh has yielded 3075 injurious currencies and 300 coins of Malav district. A fragmentary coin of the Greek ruler Apollodotes has also been found from here.
• A narrow neck vase made of light pink colored clay has been found from the excavation in Raidh.   
• The pottery obtained from here is made from chakra and different types of pottery have been obtained from here. 
• The goal 'ring wells' were set on each other in Rad's pantheon. 
• Idols of various forms of Mother Goddess and Shakti cooked in Raidh have been found. 
• Evidence of ornaments like earrings, necklace, bangles, pajeb etc. have been received from here.
• Remains of luxurious buildings have also been recovered from here.
• An idol of Yakshini made from the dead body has been found from Raidh, which is probably believed to be of Shunga period.
• From here 14 coins of Malav district, 6 Senapati coins and 7 Vapu coins have been received.
• Asia's largest collection of coins has been found from Raid.
• Evidence has been found for cleaning the zinc from the rail.
• The inhabitants of Raidh were well versed in making thick and fine cloth.
• A large cup of lime sandstone polished by Ashoka technique has also been found, which may have been imported from outside.

Bagore (Bhilwara) :- 

• It is a stone age civilization site. 
• This site is situated on the banks of Kothari river in Mandal Tehsil of Bhilwara. 
• Here, in the year 1967-68, Dr. Virendranath Mishra, Dr. L.S. It was done in collaboration with Leshnik and Deccan College, Poona and Rajasthan Archaeological Department. 
• Remains of three levels of Bagor civilization have been found.
• Mound of Mahasatis :- Excavation site of Bagor Civilization
• The civilization of Bagor is considered as the 'Museum of Primitive Culture'.
• From here, small stoning, hammers, sling tablets, flat and round stones, stone with holes and a wall of bricks on a skeleton which is a sign of tomb are found.
• Remains of 14 types of agriculture have been found from here.
• The people here used to do agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting. 
• Here five copper tools have been found from the excavation, one of which is 10.5 cm. There is a needle with a hole. 
• The earliest evidence of agriculture and animal husbandry has been found in Bagor. 
• The houses here were made of stone and the stones were also leveled in the floor. 
• Among the stone tools obtained from here, blades, borers, scrapers and chandrikas etc. are prominent. 

Goldsmith (Jhunjhunun): - 

• An archaeological site named Sunari is situated on the banks of river Kantali in Khetri tehsil of Jhunjhunu. 
• The excavation work here was done by the Rajasthan State Archaeological Department in the year 1980-81.
• The oldest iron smelting furnaces have been found from here. 
• The remains of gray-colored pottery culture have been found from here.
• The idols of Mother Goddess and the storage room of paddy have been received from the goldsmith. 
• Remains of Mauryan civilization are found from Sunari, in which there is a pottery with black polished. 
• Shunga and Kushan period remains are also found from Jodhpura, Noh and Sunari. 
• The inhabitants of Sunari used rice for food and used to pull chariots by horses.
• Iron arrows, spear-heads, iron bowls and Krishna sculpted pottery have also been found from the goldsmith.

Ojiana (Bhilwara) :-

• Situated on the banks of the Khari river near Badnore in Bhilwara, this site belongs to the early Chalcolithic Ahad culture. 
• This site was excavated by B. R. Meena and Alok Tripani in the year 1999-2000. 
• This archaeological site was located on a hill, while other sites associated with the Ahar culture flourished in the river valleys.
• The idols of Taurus and Cow have been recovered from here, which are depicted in white.
• Based on the remains found here, the development of this culture is believed to have happened in three phases.
• Carnelian faience and stone beads, conch shells and copper bangles and other ornaments have also been found here.
• The period of this civilization is considered to be from 2500 BC to 1500 BC. 

Jodhpura (Jaipur) :- 

• The archaeological site named Jodhpura is situated on the banks of the Sabi river in Kotputli tehsil of Jaipur district. 
• It is an Iron Age ancient civilization site.
• Here the excavation work was done in the year 1972-73 by R.C. Aggarwal and Vijay Kumar. 
• A one and a half meter deposit of Kapishavarni pottery, a symbol of Copper Age civilization, has been found from Jodhpura. 
• Here the influence of the Indus civilization is visible on the Chalcoera pottery found from the excavation. 
• It was an important site of gray painted pottery culture. 
• Furnaces for extraction of iron metal from iron ore have also been found from Jodhpur.
• In this civilization, humans started using the horse to pull the chariot.
• In Jodhpur, there was a custom of using tiles and thatch on the roofs of the house.
• The main diet of the people of this civilization was rice and meat.
• This civilization flourished between 2500 BC to 200 AD.
• It is the site of Shunga and Kushan civilization.
• Remains of Mauryan civilization have also been found from Jodhpura and Sunari (Jhunjhunu).

Iswal (Udaipur) :- 

• Iron Age Civilization.
• Ancient industrial settlement.
• The excavation work of this site was done under the direction of the Archaeological Department of Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, Udaipur.
• Evidence of continuous iron smelting has been received from here. 
• From here the evidence of human settlement representing the pre-historic period to the medieval period has been obtained from five levels. 
• Here in the 5th century BC. There is evidence of the development of iron smelting industry. 
• The coins obtained from here are considered to be the early Kushan period. 
• During the Maurya, Shunga and Kushan period, iron smelting was done here.
• The teeth and bones of a camel have been found in the excavation here.
• The houses here were made of stones.

Noh (Bharatpur) :- 

• In the year 1963-64, excavation work was done here under the direction of Ratanchandra Agrawal. 
• According to radio carbon date, the time of this civilization is 1100 BC. to 900 BC is believed. 
• In the excavation from here, a giant Yaksha statue and pieces from the smooth stone of Mauryan polished Chunar have been found. 
• The inscription is written in Brahmi script on a vessel received from here. 
• It is an Iron Age civilization and the goods obtained from here are black and red ware. 
• Here 16 ringwells have been received from the same place. 
• Remains of 5 cultural eras have been found from here.
• Remains of iron agricultural implements and wheel wells have been found from here.
• The residents here used to build houses with baked bricks.
• Coins of Kushan kings Huvisk and Vasudeva have been received from here.
• Remains of Copper Age, Aryan Age and Mahabharata era civilization have been found from Noh.

City (Tonk) :- 

• The town's archaeological site is located near Uniara town in Tonk district. It is also known as Karkot Nagar. 
• Its ancient name was 'Malav Nagar'.
• The excavation work here was done by Shri Krishna Dev in the year 1942-43. 
• A large number of Malava coins and hammered coins have been received from here.
• Most of the remains of the pottery recovered from here are red in color.
• The idol of Mahishasurmardini, made of gray stone of the post-Gupta period, has been found from the excavation in the city. 
• Apart from this, the marking of Ganesha in the form of Modak, the marking of a snake-headed snake, and the standing statue of Lakshmi holding a lotus have been received from here.
• At present the city civilization is known as 'Kheda Civilization'.
• 6000 Malava coins have been found from the excavation of the city.
• Remains of red colored pots and artistic pots for filling grains have been found from the city.

Baror (Shri Ganganagar) :-

• Evidence of this civilization has been found on the banks of Saraswati river in Sri Ganganagar. 
• Excavation work started here in the year 2003.
• On the basis of the remains found from here, this civilization is divided into early and developed Harappan period. 
• Evidence of the use of black soil has been found in the pottery here.
• In the year 2006, here 8000 beads of Selkhadi have been received in an earthen pot.
• This site is endowed with features similar to the Harappan period, such as a well-planned city system, the use of raw bricks in house construction, and a distinctive pottery tradition.
• Button shaped seals have been obtained from here.

Tilwara (Barmer) :-

• Tilwara is an archaeological site situated on the banks of Luni river in Barmer district. 
• The excavation work here was done in the year 1967-68 by the 'Rajasthan State Archaeological Department'. 
• Here the work of excavation was done by Dr. V.N. Misra's leadership.
• It is a Chalcolithic site from where 500 BC. Remains of civilizations developed till 200 AD have been found.
• Remains of the Late Stone Age have also been found from here. 
• Remains of five dwelling sites have been found from the excavation here.
• A fire pit has been found here in which human ashes and remains of dead animals have been found.

Junakheda (Pali) :- 

• This archaeological site was discovered by Garrick. 
• In the excavation from here, the marking of 'Shalbhanjika' has been found on the earthen pot. 
• Apart from this, black open bowls and small sized lamps have been received from here. 

Bhinmal (Jalore) :- 

• The excavation work here was done in the year 1953-54 under the direction of Ratanchandra Agrawal. 
• Foreign influence is visible on the soil here. 
• From the excavation here, coins of pottery and Shaka satraps have been found. 
• A Greek double-handled jug has also been found from Bhinmal.
• Roman amphora (Surapatra) has also been found from here.
• From here the remains of the 1st century AD and the Gupta period have been found.
• Bhinmal is believed to be the birth place of Sanskrit scholar Mahakavi Magha and Gupta scholar Brahmagupta.
• Chinese traveler Hensang also visited Bhinmal.

Naliasar (Jaipur) :- 

• Evidence of civilization before the Chauhan dynasty has been received from this archaeological site located in Jaipur.
• Some seals written in Brahmi script have been received from here.
• Injured coins, North Indosenian coins, Kushan ruler Huviska, Indogrik, Yaudheyagan and Gupta period silver coins have been found from here.
• 105 Kushan period coins have been received from here.
• The time of this civilization is considered to be from the third century BC to the sixth century.

Lachura (Bhilwara) :-

• This archaeological site is located in Asind tehsil of Bhilwara district. 
• Here the excavation work was done in the year 1998-1999 by B. R. Directed by Meena. 
• From here 700 BC. Evidence of civilizations from 200 AD has been received. 
• Human and animal figurines, copper bangles, clay seals on which 4 letters are inscribed in Brahmi script, statues of women in Lalitasan etc. have been received from here. 
• The Shunga period sharp edged cups have been obtained from here. 

Earnest Money :- 

• It is located in Bharatpur.
• Its ancient name is Shripanth.
• Evidences of Gupta period coins and indigo cultivation have been found from here.

Malah (Bharatpur) :-

• This site is located in the Ghana Bird Sanctuary of Bharatpur district.
• A large number of copper swords and harpoons have been found from this site.

Sonthi (Bikaner):- 

• It is located in Bikaner.
• Discovery: - Made by Amalanand Ghosh (in the year 1953).
• It is famous as Kalibanga I.
• The remains of Harappan civilization have been found here.

Kotara (Jhalawar) :-

• This site was excavated in the year 2003 by Deepak Research Institute. 
• Remains from the 7th to the 12th century have been found here.

Kansav (Quota) :- 

• An article related to the Mauryan ruler Dhaval dated 738 AD has been found from this site.

Kurada (Nagaur) :- 

• This is the site of the Chalcolithic civilization. 
• Apart from the copper instruments, a systemic Arghya pot has been received from here. 

Dadikar (Alwar):- 

• Five to seven thousand years old rock paintings have been found from this site. 

Kiradot (Jaipur) :-

• 56 copper bangles have been found from this civilization site. It has got 2 sets of 28 bangles of different sizes.

Gardada (Bundi) :- 

• The first Bird Rider rock painting has been received from this place situated on the banks of river Chhaja.
• This is the first painting of archaeological importance in the country. 

Banka :- 

• It is located in Bhilwara district.
• The first ornate cave of Rajasthan has been found from here.

Nainwa (Bundi) :-

• The excavation work here was completed under the direction of Shri Krishna Dev. 
• A 2000 year old idol of Mahishasurmardini has been found from this site. 

Gurara :- 

• Sikar is located in the district.
• From here we have got 2744 silver punchmark coins.

Cr.	culture period	venue
1.	Palaeolithic	Didwana and Jayal (Nagaur), Bhangarh (Alwar), Biratnagar (Jaipur), Dar (Bharatpur), Indragarh (Kota)
2.	Middle Stone Age	Bagour (Bhilwara), Biratnagar (Jaipur), Tilwara (Barmer)
3.	New Stone Age	Ahad (Udaipur), Kalibanga (Hanumangarh), Gilund (Rajsamand), Jhar (Jaipur)
4.	Chalcolithic Age	Bagour (Bhilwara), Tilwara (Barmer), Balathal (Udaipur)
5.	Copper Age	Ganeshwar (Sikar), Sabaniyan, Poongal (Bikaner), Budha Pushkar (Ajmer), Beneshwar (Dungarpur), Nandlalpura, Kiradot, Chithbari (Jaipur), Kurada (Parbatsar), Palana (Jalore), Malah (Bharatpur), Kol Bhavnani ( Sawai madhopur)
6.	iron age	Noh (Bharatpur), Sunari (Jhunjhunu), Biratnagar, Jodhpura, Sambhar (Jaipur), Raidh, Nagar, Nainwa (Tonk), Bhinmal (Jalore), Nagari (Chittorgarh), Chak-84, Tarkhanwala (Sriganganagar), Iswal (Udaipur) )

 

 

Previous

Next